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Europe

Dear John,

There are many new and exciting booths ready to share
Norway's rich heritage with visitors to the Festival.
Each newsletter will feature entertainment, cultural displays &
demonstrations, culinary delights and shopping for those
Norwegian treasures!

Painting to Grieg's Music with Sigmund Aarseth

Sigmund Aarseth is one of Norway's premier contemporary
artists. He embraces the legacy and tradition of his Norwegian
forefathers in art.

With his own unique and personal style, he transforms
everyday objects, places and points in time to brilliant, bold alla
prima (all at once) brush strokes with a dynamic color palette.
Watch as he paints on stage to the music of Grieg, using color,
shape, texture and light to transform and portray his Norway,
his place, his spirit, and people in Norwegian artistic poetry,
color and light.

Sigmund will be signing his latest book, Sigmund Aarseth:
Norway Painted in Light and Color available for purchase. This
book takes you on a journey through the mountains and the
valleys of Norway painted with lush strokes of color and light.

                 Ann-Marita Singer/Songwriter

The story of singer/songwriter Ann-Marita's life begins when
growing up on a farm in the Norwegian mountains, she was as
country as country gets.

With a great love of music and the desire to create some
herself, the only role models she had were her parents' record
collection; Dolly Parton, Johnny Cash, Jim Reeves, Lynn
Anderson, and of course Kenny Rogers!

She taught herself to play air piano on a peculiar shaped rock on
her family's property, before she eventually graduated onto an
antique church organ with pump pedals--the only musical
instrument she had access to.

By the time Ann-Marita was a teenager, she was writing songs
and performing wherever she could. She was influenced by
other musical styles like rock and blues, which would color the
sound that eventually was to become so uniquely her; the
sound that has been referred to as "Ann-Marita Country".

Ann-Marita web site

Scandinavian Trends owners Chris & Merete

Scandinavian Trends is owned by husband and wife Chris and
Merete Bendtsen.

The Bendtsens first opened their store in 1966 in Ghirardelli
Square in San Francisco.

They have been part of the Norway Festival from the early
years.

The Bendtsens share the traditions of Scandinavia with their
customers with tremendous enthusiasm, and have since
moved their shop to the historic town square of Sonoma,
California.

The Bendtsens maintain friendly and helpful connections with
the gifted craftspeople to stock their shop with wonderful
Nordic goods.

Chris and Merete are eager to see you at the Festival!

                            Cafe Tabitha

Cafe Tabitha invites you to enjoy your lunch and a kopp kaffe og
vaffel!

For years the dedicated Tabitha ladies have prepared the
traditional Norwegian foods that Festival lovers look forward to
year after year.

Menu items include:
Open-Face Sandwiches; Roast Beef; Shrimp with Mayonnaise;
Smoked Salmon with Scrambled eggs; Rolls with Cheese;
Norwegian Waffles; Lefse; Layered Cream Cake; Coffee & Tea;
Soft drinks, Juice & Water.

A Norwegian way to use the Spinningwheel !

          ErgoSpin

     Meet Mr. Ossian Kidholm from Norway
Having joy; protecting the body; developing creativity.

A Scandinavian way to produce yarn: Ideas around form -
structure - quality - artistic language; Respecting the fiber -
testing and determining the quality and yarn strength,
techniques, ergonomics, knowledge, and coordination of mind,
heart, feet and hands.

Laughing, counting, wondering, and exchanging interesting
questions and answers included! Ossian's background is
teaching more than 1000 spinning students , spinning at least
350 kg of yarn, and 100 different fibers, spun on more than 1000
wheels.

During his career he has upgraded more than 500 wheels, and
has 34 wheels in his personal collection in Norway.

Buy your tickets for our Prize Drawing to be held on Sunday
May 3rd. Only $2.00 each, don't miss your chance to win
fantastic prizes!

Contact your local lodge for tickets too!

email: trinei@norwayday.org
web: http://www.norwayday.org

========================================
  HISTORY OF BEREZHANY
Small West Ukrainian town of astonishing
history

Berezhany is small town in Western Ukraine,
with glorious history. It was part of Austria
(1772-1918), Poland (1387-1772, 1920-1939),
Fascist Germany (1941-1944), USSR (1939-41,
1944-1991) and after the collapse of Soviet
Union, since 1991 it is part of independent
Ukraine

GESCHICHTE DER BEREZANY

(Heute: Berezhany), kleine Stadt in West
Ukraine. Die Stadt mit eine glorreiche
Geschichte: egemalige Österreich(1772-1918,
später Österreich - Ungarn) und Polen
(1387-1772, 1920-1939), danach die Sowjet Union
und von 1991 - die unabhängige Ukraine..

HISTORIA MIASTA BRZEZANY

(Dzisiejsza nazwa Berezhany) na
poludniowo-wschodnich kresach. Miasto bylo
czescia Polski (byle wojewodstwo Tarnopolskie)
przez dlugi okres czasu: z 1387 do 1772 oraz z
1920 do 1939, kiedy Wschodnia Polska byla
okupowana przez Zwiazek Radziecki. Teraz
Brzezany w niepodleglej Ukrainie.

Archeology of Berezhany:

Non-written history of Berezhany goes to
thousands of years depth. Archeologists
discovered the remains of three settlements
which belong to the era of late paleolith. Ancient
people settled not far from the banks of Zolota
Lypa (Golden Lime Tree) river, at its high,
forested and dry banks. At the place of one of
this settlements, on the hills of mountain
Zvirynets' (Polish name: Zwierzyniec), remains
of flint master-shop of ancient times were
discovered. Here primary work tool were found
(flint knife-like plates, cutter, scratchers etc.)
and a great number of remains of flint
productivity - nucleuses, balls, plates. Certain
flint products were found also at the place of of
settlements at the upper flow of Zolota Lypa, at
the present territory of Berezhany Brickworks
Plant. Archeological findings prove that there
was ancient Rus'/Ruthenian settlement for a
long time.

Medieval History of Berezhany:

Berezhany belong to the oldest Ukrainian
settlements. First written record about the town
dates to 1375. First it was a normal village,
which by the privilege of the prince Wladislaw
Opolski (Vladyslav Opolsky), was given as a
property to the nobleman (boyaryn) Wasko
Teptuchowicz (Basil/Vas'ko
Teptuchowicz/Teptukhovych). In the document
of the end of 15 th century, Berezhany are
mentioned twice as a village, which belonged to
Hanna (Anna) from Lytvyniv (Litwinow). In 1530
Polish king Sigismund the First, gave Berezhany
as a present to the magnate Mykola (Mikolaj)
Senyavskyy (Seniawski), simultaneously giving
the town status and Magdeburg rights for
Berezhany.

In the beginning Berezhany occupied not big
territory: market square with a few streets from it
and suburbs Pidzamche (Podzamcze) which
means "at the castle" if to translate. Later, two
other suburbs emerged: in 1570 . Mistechko
(Miasteczko) and in 1584 - Adamivka
(Adamowka). For two centuries Berezhany had
been belonging to the the magnate family of
Senyavsky (Sieniawski). This family was renown
because of their loyalty to the kings of Poland
(Rzecz Pospolita). During this time the official
magnate historians had created a myth about
their special and honest devotion to Berezhany.
In fact everything they did, served the purpose
of glorifying of their dynasty and strengthening
the magnates' domination in kresy of Rzecz
Pospolita (Kresy is Polish term used of Eastern
Poland's borderlands). Behind this, there were
non human overlords' exploitation over the local
population. The documents show the true
picture which was behind the official mask of
charity of brilliant representative of Sieniawski
dynasty as well as their successors:
Czartoryjski, Liubomirski, Potocki magnate
families.

The heavy feudal duties were imposed on the
local people. According the Inventory of 1667,
peasants and craftsmen were obliged to repair
the dam, bridges and river crossings, town
walls. They and also to carry on the guard, to
carry on different duties on the lands of
Sieniawskis, to provide them with carts for
moving the goods. Town inhabitants paid
immense taxes to the town owners, for the land,
cattle, bee-keeping, the right to trade. Ukrainians
(or Ruthenians/Rusyns as they were called
then), who comprised the most part of
Berezhany population, were undergoing the the
greatest social and national oppression. They
were excluded from the town administration
institutions, suffered the violences, they were
not even allowed to liver in town center. They
were made foreigners at their own land.

The oppression of Polish nobility, their non
hidden outrageous conduct were the major
brake for the economic and cultural
development of Berezhany. Many times town
experienced great destructions and fires from
the nobility invasions. Despite this, thanks to
the laborers hands of peasants and craftsmen,
Berezhany grew and developed. So, in the end
of 16 th century, Berezhany numbered 413
courtyards, where 2.000 people lived. The
surrounding forests provided with the cheap
building material: all most all houses were
wooden in Berezhany. In the center there was a
wooden clock tower and around it the craftsmen
workshops, shops and merchants' houses.

In the beginning of 17 th century Berezhany
became craftsmanship and trading center.
Craftsmanship was the profession for the most
of inhabitants. Sewing, carpentry, wood carving
became particularly popular then. Part of
townsmen dealt in small trade, made the land,
served in the castle etc.

The development of Berezhany as a trade center
was assisted and prompted by its convinient
geographical position. One of the important
ways passed through the town. It led from
Western countries to to the Black Sea areas.
Here, people traded in cereals, flour, leathers,
honey, fish, craft articles, namely in clay pottery
and wooden articles. Not surprising, that yet in
1530, Berezhany had got the right to organize a
bazaar once a week on Friday and a fair twice a
year. In 1667, according to the royal privilege,
there were yearly 4 big and 16 small fairs in the
town. People were bringing for sale the textiles,
arms, women jewelry. Gradually, the merchants
from the most remote parts of Poland and
Ukraine started to settle in Berezhany.

Economic and cultural life of Berezhany was
accelerated by the Armenian settlers, who
appeared here probably in 15 th century. The
town with its powerful castle walls attracted
wretched by the Moslem invasion people from
faraway Armenia. These castle walls promised
them peace and safeness. Wonderful climate
conditions, traditional Ukrainian hospitality and
also governmental privileges granted for the
development of trade and craftsmanship. The
street, along which the Armenians settled was
called Armenian. The great percentage of
Berezhany population comprised the Jews.
Jews dealt primarily in trade.

HISTORY OF BEREZHANY CASTLE

In order to make their rule long lasting on
conquered Ukrainian lands, Polish magnates
built numerous castles, erected Roman Catholic
churches. However, created by the golden
hands of nameless masters and artists and by
the shed blood of thousands of laborers, these
magnificent buildings, dumb witnesses of old
times, became long lasting monuments to the
peoples genius.

In 1554 in Berezhany the erection of unseen
before in this area stone castle was finished.
The castle later in 1570 and in the first quarter of
17 th century was fortified and enlarged. Unlike
other fortifications, Berezhany castle emerged
not on a high, unaccessible mountain but in a
deep swampy river valley, on an island, formed
by two flows of Golden Lime Tree river. Besides
these natural factors, the defensiveness of the
castle was strengthened by the deep ditches
with water and high land walls.

Berezhany castle reflects those great changes
which took place in castle architecture in the
middle of 16 th century, namely the transition of
the castles from military defence buildings into
residential defense buildings. This evolution
touched not only the external appearance but
also planning. So, in Berezhany castle, not
defense walls but residential buildings were
built along the perimeter of the courtyard.
External walls of these residential buildings had
canon holes. The fasades with big windows and
two stories arcades - galleries which remind the
Italian palazzos were turned to the side of the
courtyard. In the 17 th century, at the eastern
part of the castle, a palace decorated with white
stone carving was built. For its luxurious
decorations it was compared to Cracow's
Wawel. Under the lords halls and apartments,
there were minor rooms for the lords
servicemen, guards, poor guests as well as
warehouses. Along with this, there were battle
towers, three of which have been preserved until
nowadays. An entry gate decorated with stone
carving and chain bridge led to the castle.

Interesting monument of medieval architecture
is castle Roman Catholic church in the
courtyard of the castle. Despite the mixture of
styles, caused by reconstructions, the beauty of
architectural lines, harmonic correlation of
forms, the perfection of separate details provide
basis to consider (along with Roman Catholic
churches in Ternopil, Mykulyntsi and Sydoriv)
as the best monument of Roman Catholic
Church Art, which has been preserved until
nowadays.

The central part of church with Gothic arrow like
building sections and windows was built
simultaneously with the castle. Much later, in
the first half of 17 th century, two renaissance
chapels with baroque elements and elegiac
interior domes on the top, were added.
Exceptional artistic value had the interior
decoration of the church. Only baroque
sculptural decorations of the dome interrior,
western chapel and partly drawings and
sculptural ornamentation over the choruses.
Some of the marble grave stones and
sarcophaguses of castle owners belonged to the
masterpieces of sculptural arts. Unfortunately
they are almost completely destroyed, namely
the pair gravestone of Mikolaj and Hieronim
Sieniawski (Mykola and Ieronim Syniavsky) of
1582, created by the famous artist Henrich
Gorst, and also two gravestones and
sarcophaguses, created in 1619 - 1636 by
famous sculptor Jan Pfister. They represented
the best samples of European plastics of those
times. Though as far as I read Sieniawski
sarcophagus was taken by Polish authorities
retreating from the Soviet occupation in 1939
and as far as I read was placed in Piaskowa
Skala Church near Cracow. Some of Berezhany
sculptures and exponated and kept at the
Olesko Castle Museum (the branch of Lviv
Gallery) in Olesko by Lviv.

Who had led this uniquely exceptional
monument to such a state? With the Russian
Soviet occupation of Berezhany in 1939 and
re-occupation of the town in 1944, new Russian
authorities set a bomb in the castle and
deliberately destroyed it. And all during the
Soviet rule and Soviet stagnation years castle
was ultimately brought to ruins. The fires of two
world wars also added to the destruction. Not
accidentally Polish poet Karol Wiejski wrote to
defend the castle.

It is worthy to note that at the beginning of the
17 th century, Berezhany became a kind of the
artistic center, where many famous artists and
masters lived. Jan Pfister had his stone house
here. In some sources he was even referred as
"Berezhany sculptor and townman".

Berezhany castle, as a complex of civil and
cultic architecture was the exceptional creation
of local artists. His connection with the
Ukrainian and Polish architecture can be traced
in the planning of the building, in its external
appearance. It impressed the imagination of
people of those time and ours. With
astonishment Berezhany Castle was described
by famous traveller Ulrich von Verdum, who saw
already not just one majestic fortifications back
in Belgium, France, Germany. Polish writer Z.
Kaczkowski described Berezhany castle in his
novel "Sodalis Marianus" in the 19 th century.
Many poetic lines were devoted to Berezhany
castle by one of the most famous Polish poets
Juliusz Slowacki (who was born in
Krements/Krzemieniec some 80 km north east of
Berezhany):

Brzezany lord in wonderful surroundings

Had a settling. There among two brooks,

Luxurious castle in an astonishing beauty,

High chapel and tower raised high.

Shining of the apartments - equal only to the
royal ones:

There gold, luxuries and peace.
(my rough translation)

Here among noisy parties, the life of Berezhany
owners flew. Such a luxury demanded serious
spendings, so the magnates exploited the poor
peasantry. Besides the maintenance of "royal
court" of Sieniawski dynasty, half hungry
society was obliged "to fortify and repair the
ground walls and wood fences" for the defense
and also to keep on guard the ready guns and
dust, in order to defend the town wherever there
is such a need. In the castle Berezhany people
had the right to hide only in case when the town
was given up. During the alarm, the inhabitants
of whole surrounding areas were escaping here.

MAJOR BUILDINGS AND FORTIFICATIONS

Medieval Berezhany had developed system of
the fortifications out the castle. The town was
surrounded by high land walls with the oaks
gardens and deep ditch. One of the land walls
started from the bastion, which was located not
far from the present cemetery and continued to
to the redout, which was erected near the
Bernardines monastery, and further, along the
ditch bank to the river which flow around the
castle walls from one side. Other land wall, the
southern, passed along the road to Pidhaytsi
(Podhajce) to the great bastion with so called
Adamivka Gate (Brama Adamowska/Adamowki).
These fortifications were supplemented with the
bastions of the northern land wall and ravelin,
which was built in front of castle fence to
defend the castle gate passage. Two floors
weaponry building which was built in 17 th
century, south to the castle, was also part of the
system of town fortifications. Near it, there were
byres and a bit further there was a building
designed for stone canons/guns' dust/powder
keeping.

Roman Catholic Church of St. Peter and Paul in
Berezhany

In the 17 th century, the parish Roman Catholic
church, Roman Catholic monastery and two
Greek Catholic churches were built. Noted by
the the talent of the builders, they became the
remarkable monuments of the architecture of
this epoch. The parish Roman Catholic Church
of St. Peter and Paul stood out among them. It
was built in a Gothic style in 1620. Being erected
of cut stones on the high hill in the center of the
town, it dominated over the surrounding
buildings. The perfection and simplicity of its
lines and especially of very steep roof and arrow
like windows impresses the eye. Besides the
church, there is four corners bell tower. Small
shooting windows in the church wall indicate its
defensive role. Unfortunately, quite recently, in
the beginning of the 1980 s, the most part of the
wall was destroyed. Berezhany Roman Catholic
Church, like similar buildings in other towns
and villages of Ternopil region, in particular in
Bishche (Biszcze), Zolotyy Potik (Zloty Potok),
Dolyna (Dolina), Chortkiv (Czortkow) testify the
fact that in Podillia (Podole/Podolye) area, the
Gothic style was preserved for three centuries
longer than on the West.

In 1683, to the number of defensive buildings of
the town, newly built Monastery of the
Bernardines on the Storozhyska (Storoziska)
mountain was added. In 1742 it was fortified
with strong fortification wall. This way
Berezhany, besides the castle, had got the
reliable bastion also from the west and turned to
be one of the most defense capable towns in the
region.

To the most interesting monuments of wooden
architectural belongs three sectional Michael
(Mykolayivska) Church built in 1691 in the
suburbs in Adamivka (Adamowka). Its dome is
of special interest since it is of quite complex
form with two different breaks, both of different
forms. Such form of the dome rarely occurs in
Ukrainian wooden architecture. In the
decorations of the church interior, vegetation
motives of wood carving are used.

In 1764 in Berezhany appears another
monument, the Armenian Church in baroque
style. It is separated with the wall from the
street. Here is also the chapel with three arcade
form windows for the bells. Near the church,
there is residential house with the mansard roof
on filiars (pillars).

Among the monuments of architecture, Trinity
(Troyitska) Church attracts special attention.
This eclectic Gothic-renaissance building arises
in the first half of the 17 th century. Since those
time only fragments of its old walls with support
sides typical for medieval times, are preserved.
The church was rebuilt many times, especially in
1893 and 1903, when it was decorated with two
towers and dome.

TATAR AND TURKISH INVASIONS IN
BEREZHANY

The strengthening of Berezhany with defensive
buildings and its transformation in a kind of
"town castle" was not accidental in the 17 th
century. The town, the center of bread baking
land, oftenely was the object of raiding by
foreign invaders, especially the Tatars,
Valachians (Romanians) and Turks. Devastating
invasions were made by the Orda men (Tatars of
Crimean Orda) by three ways: Valachian Way
(which ran through Valachia/Romania and
Moldova), Black Way and Kuchman Way
(through Dnieper Ukraine) . This way, the Orda
people passed through Berezhany land with fire
in 1615. Five years later Tatar bandits (from
Crimea) again appeared in town suburbs, where
they destroyed a few tens of villages. The
devastating raid took place also in 1621 and in
1623 - 1624, Budzhak Orda was devastating here,
coming all the way down from Budzhak (=end in
Turkish, the area north of the Danube mouth) to
raid Berezhany and area.

Berezhany Castle had played the major role in
the defense of Podillia (Podole/Podollia) region
from foreign intruders. Not a single time the
invaders took a castle, it was nearly impossible
so well fortified it was. Only in 1648 Berezhany
castle was taken by the Cossacks led by famous
Bohdan Khmelnytsky (Chmielnicki) during mass
uprising of Ukrainian people and Cossacks. It is
documented that in the beginning of June, 1648,
Khmelnytsky sent 70 messengers to Galicia.
They urged local people to the uprisings and
urged first of all "to burn towns". One of these
messengers was arrested in Berezhany, others
acted in neighboring Pidhaytsi (Podhajce) and
Halych (Galicz/Halicz). But the efforts of the
nobility, in particular drawing into the area the
major military detachments, were not capable to
stop the uprising of the townsmen, who
assisted the fall of the castle.

Berezhany was the arena for fierce battles for a
long time. In December 1655, during the Polish
Swedish War, Swedish armies reached the walls
of the town. The frozen river and swamps put
the defenders of the castle into a non escape
situation and they opened the Gates for the
Swedes. 20 years later the town was plundered
by the armies of Turkish pasha Ibrahim
Shishman, who experienced serious defeat
nearby Lwow (Lviv/Lemberg/Lvov). Having
overcome the brave resistance of Berezhany
people, the enemies invaded into the town and
destroyed it. But they did not have enough
courage to attack the castle and withdrew in
direction of Terebowla (Terebovla), however
their way was not long. Not far from Berezhany
they were caught up by the Polish detachment
being completely destroyed. In the beginning of
18 th century, famous Ferenc Rakoczi, the leader
of Hungarian rebels, visited Berezhany Castle a
few times, where he wrote his manifest,
appealing the Hungarian people for the national
uprising.

NORTHERN WAR, SWEDES AND RUSSIAN
TSAR PETER I IN BEREZHANY

The events of Northern War, caused coming of
the greatest Russian tsar Peter I to Berezhany.
The owner of Berezhany, magnate Sieniawski
took part in this war on the side of Polish king
August II and his ally, the Russian tsar against
the Swedes and other Polish king Stanislaw
Lieszczynski. In 1707 Peter I came to Berezhany
while going from Zolkiew (Zhovkva, former
Nesterov in Lviv region) to develop the strategic
plans of fight against the enemy. He surveyed
the castle, studied its defensive capabilities.
Peter I lived in a summer hunting palace of
Sieniawski in suburbian village Raj (Ray, now
part of the town). The palace is preserved until
nowadays, being declared as architecture
monument.

In 1709 Berezhany was attacked by the
detachment of A. Smigielski, the adherent of
king Lieszczynski but Smigielski experienced
the defeat here.

FIRST KNOWN WRITTEN HISTORICAL RECORDS

ON BEREZHANY AND SURROUNDING VILLAGES

Ukrainian and Polish (in parenthesis) spelling
are given:

Bishche (Biszcze) - first known written historical
records date from 1339

Potochany (Potoczany) -1375

Berezhany (Brzezany) - 1375

Urman' (Urman) -1385

Saranchuky (Saranczuki) - 1416

Dryshchiv (Dryszczew) - 1420

Zhukiv (Zukow) - 1420

Rekshyn (Rekszyn) - 1424

Mechyshchiv (Mieczyszczow) - 1438

Trostyanets' (Troscianiec) - 1441

Kuropatnyky - 1445

Kuryany (Kurzany) - 1448

Verbiv (Wierzbow) - 1448

Potutory - 1453

Narayiv (Narajow) - 1445

Shybalyn (Szybalin) - 1475

Lityatyn (Lieciacin) - 1473

Hynovychi (Hynowice) - 1475

Stryhantsi (Stryhance) - 1578

Rohachyn (Rogacin) - 1578

Lapshyn (Lapszyn) - 1578

Shumlyany, mali/minor (Szumliany, male) - 1773

Rybnyky (Rybniki) - 1785

Dvirtsi (Dworce) - none Pysarivka (Pisarowka) -
none

Poruchyn (Poruczyn) - none

List of 14 th - 19 th centuries major events

which took place in Berezhany and surrounding
area

625 YEARS JUBILEE OF BEREZHANY TOWN IN
2000

On this occasion prime minister of Ukraine
V.Yushchenko visits the town this year

BEREZHANY LAND

According to the chronology given in the first
volume of "Berezhany Land":

1375 - First written records about Berezhany;

1488 - 1491 the oldest Tatar (Tartar) invasions
into Berezhany and the area;

1530 - Berezhany has received the status of
town and Magdeburg privileges;

1530 - There were two churches in Berezhany:
one in the downtown and another in suburbian
village Lisnyky (Lasniki);

1554 - Polish royal magnate count Michael
Seniawski founded the castle, which had been
built for 20 years;

1569 - Death of Michael Sieniawski, owner of
Berezhany and the founder of Berezhany Castle;

1570 - The town Berezhany (Brzezany) had 40
houses and 200-260 inhabitants;

1574 - Death of Anna Sieniawska, wife of
Michael Seniawski;

1584 - Theirs sons Iwan and Hieronim died too;

1584 - First written historical records about the
community of Adamivka (Adamowka), one of the
oldest Berezhany districts;

1600 - First Church Brotherhood was founded in
Berezhany;

1600 - Polish countess Jadwiga Sieniawska built
Roman Catholic Church in Berezhany;

1615 - Tatars invade Berezhany and the area;

1618 - Other Tatar invasion into the town and
Berezhany land

1619 - Death of Adam Hieronim Sieniawski
(Royal Polish magnate of Seniawski family,
Berezhany owners);

1621 - Michael, Alexander and Prokop
Sieniawski exchanged with priest W. Orlinski,
Plebanivka (Plebanowka, locality in Berezhany)
for village Dryshchiv (Dryszczew);

1625 - There were 414 houses in Berezhany.
Among these: 339 Christians and 75 Jews;

1626 - First reconstruction of St. Trinity Church
in Berezhany;

1626 - Invasion of Tatars (Tartars) into
Berezhany and the area;

1630 - Polish countess Urszula Sieniawska (of
Sieniawski Family, owners of Berezhany)
initiated building of Roman Catholic Church of
Fathers Bernardines on the mountain
Storozhys'ko (Storozysko) as defensive castle;

1648 - Cossack divisions led by renown Cossack
leader Maksym Kryvonis fight around
Berezhany. According to Polish historian
Maciszewski, Cossacks conquered Berezhany
Castle then;

1662 - Berezhany suffers of plague epidemic; ·
1664 - Monks Barlaam and Theodoth started the
Monastery in Krasnopushcha (Krasnopuszcza);

1665 - Berezhany Castle was taken by Swedish
armies of general Douglas without any shot;

1674 - Belgian engineer Verdum together with
French engineer Beauplan travelled by through
Berezhany. Verdum wrote in his records, that
there were 4 Greek Catholic and 3 Roman
Catholic churches in Berezhany;

1675 - Berezhany was set on fire by Turkish
armies of pasha Ibragim Sisman;

1683 - Church brotherhood was founded at the
St. Trinity Church in Berezhany;

1695 - There were 404 houses in Berezhany and
the town had 3.475 inhabitants;

1707, May - Russian emperor Peter the Great and
his Ukrainian Principate Ivan Mazepa were
hosted by royal magnate and Berezhany owner
count Sieniawski;

1709 - There was next plague epidemic in
Berezhany;

1710 - Varlaam (Barlaam) Sheptyskyj (Szepticki),
the main bishop of Uniate (Greek Catholic
Church) visited Berezhany;

1711 - The greatest Russian emperor Peter the
Great (Peter the First) and Polish king August
the Second baptized Sophie, daughter of
Sieniawski family (Berezhany owners);

1724 - records mentioning the Uniate monastery
of Fathers Basilians in Lapshyn (Lapszyn);

1726 - Berezhany Castle had 71 cannons, among
these: 24 steel cannons, 117 hookers etc.;

1750 - Armenian Church was built in Berezhany;

1760 - Plague epidemic in Berezhany;

1768 - St. Trinity Church was built of stones
(replacing the wooden one);

1772 - Berezhany incorporated into Austria.
Establishment of Austrian rule, authorities and
germanization;

1772 - Plague epidemic;

1781 - Berezhany became the administrative
center of Zirkel (Region) , which consisted of a
few districts;

1803 - New Rathaus (Clock Tower - Town Hall)
was built in Berezhany;

1805 - State Gymnasia was founded, in 5 halls of
the Rathaus;

1810 - St. Trinity Church was rebuilt in
Gothic-renaissance style;

1811 - New Stone Clock Tower was built instead
of the previous wooden one;

1816 - Berezhany became the property of
Potocki Family, after the marriage of Alexandra
Liubomirska, the great granddaughter of Adam
Michael Sieniawski, with count Alexander
Potocki;

1830 - 1831 New wave of cholera epidemic in
Berezhany ;

1846 - In Narajow (present -day Narayiv)
nobleman Wisniowski formed a revolutionary
group and advanced to Berezhany to unarm
Austrian regiment in Berezhany. Wisniowski
was caught and hanged;

1848 - Next wave of cholera epidemic in
Berezhany ;

1849 - Russian troops (which helped Austria to
fight the revolution in Hungary) are