GermanAmericanHistory2

German-American History - 2

     Continued from "German-American History -1
          From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ethnic Germans (which includes Germans, Austrians and some Swiss), Austrian Americans,
German Canadians, Scandinavian Americans, Dutch Americans, German
diaspora German Americans (German Deutschamerikaner) are citizens of the
United States of ethnic German ancestry and currently form the largest
ancestry group in the United States, accounting for 17% of the U.S.
population.[2] The first significant numbers arrived in the 1680s in New York
and Pennsylvania. Some eight million German immigrants entered the United
States since then. Immigration continued in substantial numbers during the 19th
century; the largest number of arrivals came 1840–1900. Germans form the
largest group of immigrants coming to the U.S., outnumbering the Irish and
English.[3] Some arrived seeking religious or political freedom, others for economic
opportunities greater than those in Europe, and others simply for the chance to start fresh in
the New World. California and Pennsylvania have the largest populations of German origin,
with over six million German Americans residing in the two states alone.[4] Over 50 million
people in the United States identify German as their ancestry[1]. In the 1990 U.S. census, 58
million Americans claimed to be solely or partially of German descent.[5] In Pennsylvania,
English and German were co-official languages until around the time of World War I.[6]

Americans of German descent live in nearly every American county. They have been in the US
for 400 years, from the East Coast, where the first German settlers arrived in the 1600s, to the
West Coast and in all the states in between. German Americans and those Germans who settled
in the United States have been influential in most every field, from science, to architecture, to
sports and entertainment to commercial industry. Some, like Brooklyn Bridge engineers John
Augustus Roebling or architect Walter Gropius, left behind visible landmarks. Some people of
German birth, like Albert Einstein, Maria Goeppert-Mayer and Wernher von Braun, set
intellectual landmarks. In baseball, Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig and Honus Wagner are widely
regarded to be some of the greatest in history.[7] Others have been prominent actors like
Clark Gable[8][9], David Hasselhoff[10][11], Marlene Dietrich[12][13], Paris Hilton[14][15],
Doris Day[16][17], Leonardo DiCaprio[18], Bruce Willis[19], Sandra Bullock[20], Edward Arnold
[21],Kirsten Dunst,[22] and Eric Braeden.

Throughout the year, German Americans get together often for ethnic celebrations, the largest
being the German-American Steuben Parade in New York City, which is held every third
Saturday in September.

17th century

The first seeds of this country were planted at Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English
settlement in what is today the United States of America. The first English settlers arrived at
Jamestown in 1607; the first German, in 1608. Germans were present in the American colonies
from the very beginning of settlement. The Germans who came to Jamestown in 1608 and
subsequently in 1620 were the forerunners of the largest nationality to immigrate to the United
States since its founding in 1776.

The first Germans to reach the Jamestown Settlement came aboard the English vessel Mary
and Margaret, captained by Christopher Newport. They left England around July 1608 and
arrived in Virginia around 1 October — 12 years before the Pilgrims landed in Massachusetts.
They consisted of up to five unnamed glassmakers and three carpenters or house builders —
Adam, Franz and Samuel. They came in a group of about 70 new settlers, including several
Polish makers of pitch and tar, soap ashes and potashes. Jamestown at that time consisted of
nothing but a small wooden fort on a peninsula of the James River, which flows into
Chesapeake Bay near modern Norfolk, Virginia.

Among the settlers was a Swiss German mineral prospector called William Volday by the
English; his original name was probably Wilhelm Waldi. He accompanied Captain Newport on a
search for precious metals shortly after their arrival. This was done by order of the organizers
of the Colony, the Virginia Company of London, a stock company. The colonists believed that
they had found a vein of silver beyond the falls of the James River, but they were forced to
return when their supplies ran low.

The Germans and the Poles faced precarious conditions at James Fort, which had been built on
the north bank of the James River by June 1607. More than half of the original 105 settlers
were already dead by the first autumn.[23]

The first German settlement was Germantown, Pennsylvania, founded near Philadelphia on
October 6, 1683.[24]

18th century

John Jacob Astor, detail of an oil painting by Gilbert Stuart, 1794. Originally Johann Jakob
Astor, he was the first of the Astor family dynasty and the first millionaire in the United States,
making his fortune in the fur trade and New York City real
estate.Large numbers of Germans migrated from the 1680s to
1760s. They migrated to America for a variety of reasons.[24]
The two causes for the migration were push factors: worsening
opportunities for farm ownership in central Europe, persecution
of some religious groups, and military conscription; and pull
factors, with better economic conditions in the U.S. (especially
the opportunity for farmers to own land).

Large sections of Pennsylvania and upstate New York attracted
Germans. Most were Lutheran or German Reformed; many
belonged to small religious sects such as the Moravians and
Mennonites. German Catholics did not arrive in number until
after the war of 1812.

In 1709 Protestant Germans from the Pfalz or Palatine region of Germany built rafts and
traveled down the Rhine to Rotterdam. They lived in shantytown shacks with reed roofs in
winter. The Dutch took up a collection to help them subsist until they could travel by ship to
London. In London the Palatine families lived in tent cities in the parks until Protestant Queen
Anne Stuart could help them get to her colonies in America. Four American Indian kings were
also visiting London at that time. The Mohawk king offered to share land in the Mohawk valley
of New York. The trip was long and difficult to survive due to the poor quality of food and water
aboard ships and the infectious disease typhus, or Palatine fever. Many immigrants, particularly
children, died before reaching America in June 1710.

The Palatine immigration of about 2100 people who survived, turned out to be the largest single
immigration to America in the colonial period. Most first were settled along the Hudson River
in work camps, to pay off their passage for the English. By 1711, seven villages had been
established in New York on the Robert Livingston manor. In 1723 the Germans were the first
Europeans allowed to buy land in the Mohawk Valley west of Little Falls. One hundred
homesteads were allocated in the Burnetsfield Patent. By 1750, the Germans occupied a strip
some 12 miles (19 km) long along both sides of the Mohawk River. The soil was excellent; some
500 houses had been built, mostly of stone; and the region prospered in spite of Indian raids.
Herkimer was the best-known of the German settlements in a region long known as the
"German Flats."

The most famous of the early German Palatine immigrants was editor John Peter Zenger, who
in colonial New York City led the fight for freedom of the press in America. A later immigrant,
John Jacob Astor, who came from Baden after the Revolutionary War, became the richest man
in America from his fur trading and real estate investments in New York City.

The tide of German immigration to Pennsylvania swelled between 1725 and 1775, with many
immigrants arriving as redemptioners or indentured servants. By 1775, Germans constituted
about one-third of the population of Pennsylvania. The German farmers were renowned for
their highly productive animal husbandry and agricultural practices. Politically, they were
inactive until 1740, when they joined a Quaker-led coalition that took control of the legislature,
which generally supported the American Revolution. Despite this, many of the German settlers
were loyalists during the revolution because they feared that their royal land grants would be
taken away by a new republican government.[25] The Germans, comprising Lutherans,
Reformed, Mennonites, Amish, and other sects, developed a rich religious life with a strong
musical culture. These Germans came to be known as the Pennsylvania Dutch (from Deutsch).
There were few German Catholics in Pennsylvania before the 1810s.[26]

Many Hessian POWs who had fought with the British in the American Revolutionary War
settled in America. The Continental Congress lacked the money to send German prisoners back
to Europe.

Two waves of German colonists in 1714 and 1717 founded a large colony in Virginia called
Germanna, located near Culpeper. Large German settlements were also formed in North
Carolina, especially near Salem. There were also many German settlers around the Dutch
(Deutsch) Fork area of South Carolina.

A thriving population of Germans lived upriver from New Orleans, Louisiana. They were
attracted to the area through pamphlets such as J. Hanno Deiler's "Louisiana: A Home for
German Settlers." [27]

Between 1742 and 1753, roughly 1,000 Germans settled in Broad Bay, Massachusetts (now
Waldoboro, Maine). Many of the colonists fled to Boston, Nova Scotia, and North Carolina after
their houses were burned and their neighbors killed or carried into captivity by Native
Americans. The Germans who remained found it difficult to survive on farming and eventually
turned to the shipping and fishing industries.

In the 1790 U.S. census, the first taken by the new country, Germans are estimated to have
constituted nearly 9% of the white population in the United States.

19th century

German population density in the United States, 1872.Heavy German immigration to the United
States occurred between 1848 and World War I, during which time nearly six million Germans
immigrated to the United States. From 1840 to 1880 Germans were the largest group of
immigrants. Following the revolutions in German states in 1848, a wave of political refugees
fled to America, and became known as Forty-Eighters. They included professionals, journalists
and politicians. Prominent names included Carl Schurz and Henry Villard.[28]

The cities of Chicago, Detroit, and New York were favored destinations. By 1900, the
populations of the cities of Cleveland, Milwaukee, Hoboken and Cincinnati were all more than
40% German/German American. Dubuque and Davenport, Iowa, had even larger proportions,
as did Omaha, Nebraska, where the proportion of German Americans was 57% in 1910. The
Over-the-Rhine neighborhood in Cincinnati was one of the largest German Catholic-American
cultural centers.

In the mid 1800s, German immigrants and German Americans increased rapidly in numbers in
Milwaukee. When they entered city politics in great numbers, they became a vanguard among
that city's Social Democratic Party (Socialists). They were heavily engaged in growing
industries. Germans created the beer brewing industry under the Pabst, Schlitz, Miller, and
Blatz family brands. German Americans in Milwaukee also brought their strong support of
education. They established schools and teacher training seminaries (Töchter-Institut) to
prepare students and teachers in proper German language training. By the late 19th century,
the Germania Publishing Company was established, a publisher of books, magazines, and
newspapers in German.[29] In many other cities, such as Fort Wayne, Indiana, and Richmond,
Virginia, German Americans were at least 30% of the population.

About half went to cities, the other half went to farms in the Midwest. By the mid-20th century
German Americans were the predominant rural element in much of the Midwest, as they were
more likely than others to remain on farms. Texas attracted many Germans who entered
through Galveston, both those who came to farm and later immigrants who more rapidly took
industrial jobs in cities such as Houston. As in Milwaukee, Germans in Houston built the
brewing industry. They also established a German cemetery. By the 1920s, the first generation
of college-educated German Americans were moving into the chemical and oil industries.
Immigrants included figures such as Paul Machemehl.

Germans also settled in cities in border states, such as Baltimore, Louisville and St. Louis. Few
Germans went to the Deep South, though German Americans moving from surrounding rural
areas made up a noteworthy part of the population of New Orleans. [30] German Americans
were the largest group of immigrants during the 19th century, outnumbering both English and
Irish immigrants, making German Americans the largest ethnic group in the United States
today.[3]

The immigrants were as diverse as their countries of origin, except that very few aristocrats or
upper middle class businessmen arrived.[citation needed] For example, consider Texas, with
about 20,000 German Texans in the 1850s (from Handbook of Texas Online):

The Germans who settled Texas were diverse in many ways. They included peasant farmers and
intellectuals; Protestants, Catholics, Jews, and atheists; Prussians, Saxons, Hessians, and
Alsatians; abolitionists and slaveholders; farmers and townsfolk; frugal, honest folk and ax
murderers. They differed in dialect, customs, and physical features. A majority had been
farmers in Germany, and most arrived seeking economic opportunities. A few dissident
intellectuals fleeing the 1848 revolutions sought political freedom, but few, save perhaps the
Wends, went for religious freedom.
The German settlements in Texas reflected their diversity. Even in the confined area of the Hill
Country, each valley offered a different kind of German. The Llano valley had stern,
teetotaling German Methodists, who renounced dancing and fraternal organizations; the
Pedernales valley had fun-loving, hardworking Lutherans and Catholics who enjoyed drinking
and dancing; and the Guadalupe valley had atheist Germans descended from intellectual
political refugees. The scattered German ethnic islands were also diverse. These small enclaves
included Lindsay in Cooke County, largely Westphalian Catholic; Waka in Ochiltree County,
Midwestern Mennonite; Hurnville in Clay County, Russian German Baptist; and Lockett in
Wilbarger County, Wendish Lutheran.
Thousands of German Americans volunteered to fight for the Union in the American Civil War
(1861-1865). Most had settled in northern states and no doubt adopted local attitudes. Having
gone through their own revolution, many Germans had a strong revulsion against slavery. This
was reflected in an incident on January 1, 1861, when the mostly German crowd made such a
disturbance at a slave sale at the St. Louis courthouse that the sale price couldn't go above
$8.00. The demonstration marked the last slave auction in St. Louis. Many Germans could see
the parallel between slavery and serfdom in the old fatherland.[31] The Germans were among
the largest immigrant groups to participate in the Civil War: roughly 516,000 (23.4% of all
Union soldiers) were German Americans, and about 216,000 were born in Germany. 36,000 of
these native-born Germans enlisted from New York. Behind the Empire State came Missouri
with 30,000 and Ohio with 20,000. [32] A popular Union commander among Germans, Major
General Franz Sigel was the highest-ranking German American officer in the Union Army, with
many German immigrants claiming to enlist to "fight mit Sigel."

A Missouri man had once written the Confederate authorities that all they had to do to get rid
of the Saint Louis Unionists was destroy the local breweries and seize all the beer: "… By this
means the Germans will all die in a week and the Yankees will then run from this State."
- M. Jeff Thompson of Missouri
The identification of Germans with the Unionist-Abolitionist persisted into the 1870s in the so-
called "Mason County War" in Texas. "Germans" were identified as Unionists while
"Americans" were predominantly pro-Confederate. The conflict claimed some dozen lives
before petering out. Now it is known chiefly because of the famous outlaw Johnny Ringo's
participation on the anti-German side.

[edit] Assimilation and World War I anti-German sentiment
After two or three generations, German Americans adopted mainstream American customs—
some of which they heavily influenced—and switched their language to English. As one scholar
concludes, "The overwhelming evidence … indicates that the German-American school was a
bilingual one much (perhaps a whole generation or more) earlier than 1917, and that the
majority of the pupils may have been English-dominant bilinguals from the early 1880s on."[33]
By 1914 the older members were attending German-language church services while the younger
members were attending English services (in Lutheran, Evangelical and Catholic churches). In
German parochial schools, the children spoke English among themselves, though some of their
classes were in German. In 1917–18, after the US entry into WWI on the side of the British,
nearly all German language instruction ended, as did most German-language church services.

During World War I, German Americans, especially those born abroad, were sometimes
accused of being too sympathetic to the German Empire. Teddy Roosevelt denounced
"hyphenated Americanism" and insisted that dual loyalties were impossible in wartime. A small
minority came out for Germany, including H. L. Mencken, who believed the German democratic
system was superior to American democracy. Likewise Harvard psychology professor Hugo
Münsterberg dropped his efforts to mediate between America and Germany and threw his
efforts behind the German cause.[34]

Several thousand vocal opponents of the war were imprisoned.[35] Thousands were forced to
buy war bonds to show their loyalty. The Red Cross barred individuals with German last names
from joining in fear of sabotage. One man was hanged in Illinois, apparently for no other
reason than that he appeared to be of German descent. The killers were found innocent of the
crime and the hanging was called an act of patriotism by a jury. A Minnesota minister was
tarred and feathered when he was overheard praying in German with a dying woman.[36] Some
Germans during this time "Americanized" their names (e.g. Schmidt to Smith, Müller to
Miller, Rickenbacher to Rickenbacker, Eisenhauer to Eisenhower) and limited their use of the
German language in public places.

In Chicago Frederick Stock temporarily stepped down as conductor of the Chicago Symphony
Orchestra until he finalized his naturalization papers. Orchestras replaced music by Wagner
with Berlioz on programs. In Cincinnati, reaction to anti-German sentiment during World War
I caused the Public Library of Cincinnati to withdraw all German books from its shelves.[37]
German-named streets were renamed. For example, in Indianapolis, a street named Germania
Avenue was renamed Pershing Avenue — for a World War I general of German descent. In
Iowa, the 1918 Babel Proclamation made speaking foreign languages in public illegal. Nebraska
banned instruction in any language except English, but the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the ban
illegal in 1923 (Meyer v. Nebraska). By then the nativist mood had largely subsided.

World War II

Between 1931 and 1940, 114,000 Germans moved to the United States, many of whom -
including Nobel prize winner Albert Einstein - were Jewish Germans or anti-Nazis fleeing
government oppression.[38] About 25,000 people became paying members of the pro-Nazi
German American Bund during the years before the war.[39] German Americans who had been
born overseas were the subject of some suspicion and discrimination during the war, although
prejudice and sheer numbers meant they suffered as a group generally less than Japanese
Americans. The Alien Registration Act of 1940 required 300,000 German-born U.S. resident
aliens to register with the Federal government and restricted their travel and property
ownership rights.[40][41] Under the still active Alien Enemy Act of 1798, the United States
government interned nearly 11,000 German Americans between 1940 and 1948.[42] Most were
not yet American citizens. Some of these were United States citizens; some were the parents of
active military men.[43] Civil rights violations occurred.[44] Five hundred were arrested
without warrant. Others were held without charge for months or interrogated without benefit of
legal counsel. Convictions were not eligible for appeal.[44] An unknown number of "voluntary
internees" joined their spouses and parents in the camps and were not permitted to leave.[45]
[46][47]

President Franklin D. Roosevelt did not hesitate to name Americans of German ancestry to top
war jobs, including General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Admiral Chester Nimitz, and General Carl
Spaatz. He appointed Republican Wendell Willkie as a personal representative. German
Americans who had fluent German language skills were an important asset to wartime
intelligence, and they served as translators and as spies for the United States.[48] The war
evoked strong patriotic sentiments among German Americans, few of whom by then had
contacts with distant relatives in the old country.

German Americans in post-war years

Parking meter checker stands by his police vehicle which is imprinted with the German word
for police (polizei). It is part of the town's highlighting its German ethnic origins. New Ulm,
Minnesota, July 1974.In the aftermath of WWII, tens of thousands of ethnic Germans were
expelled from nations in eastern Europe, including the
Soviet Union, Poland and Yugoslavia. Many resettled
in East Germany, but others came as refugees to the
United States in the late 1940s and established cultural
centers in their new homes. Danouswabians, for
instance, were ethnic Germans who had maintained
language and customs after resettlement along the
Danube in Hungary, later Yugoslavia (now Serbia).
They were new immigrants to the US after the war.

From the 1970s on, time abated the anti-German
sentiment aroused by World War II.[49] Today, German Americans who immigrated after
World War II share the same characteristics as any other Western European immigrant group
in the U.S. They are mostly professionals and academics who have come for professional
reasons. Germany has been a preferred destination for immigrants rather than a source of
migrating peoples. [50]

According to the 2005 American Community Survey[51], 50 million Americans have German
ancestry. German Americans represent 17% of the total U.S. population and 26% of the non-
Hispanic white population. Only 1.5 million Americans speak German.

Of the four major U.S. regions, German was the most-reported ancestry in the Midwest, second
in the West, and third in both the Northeast and the South. German was the top reported
ancestry in 23 states, and it was one of the top five reported ancestries in every state except
Maine and Rhode Island.

Religious affiliations

1850 census map shows Lutheran population. Nearly all were German since few Scandinavians
had arrived yet.Immigrants from Germany in the early to late 1800s brought many different
religions with them. The most numerous were Lutheran or Catholic, although the Lutherans
were themselves split among different groups. The more conservative Lutherans comprised the
Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Other
Lutherans formed a complex checkerboard of synods. In 1988 most of these merged, together
with Scandinavian-based synods, into the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.

Other German Protestants were descendants of the united "Evangelical Church" in Germany.
They created the Reformed denomination (especially in New York and Pennsylvania), and the
Evangelical denomination (strongest in the Midwest). They are now part of the United Church of
Christ. Many immigrants joined different churches from those that existed in Germany.
Protestants often joined the Methodist church.

Some 19th century immigrants, especially the "48ers", were secular, rejecting formal religion.

Before 1800, communities of Amish, Mennonites, Moravians and Hutterites had formed and are
still in existence today. Some still speak dialects of German, including Pennsylvania German,
informally known as Pennsylvania Dutch (from Deutsch). The Amish, who were originally from
southern Germany and Switzerland, arrived in Pennsylvania during the early 18th century.
Amish immigration to the United States reached its peak between the years 1727 and 1770.
Religious freedom was perhaps the most pressing cause for Amish immigration to
Pennsylvania, which became known as a haven for persecuted religious groups.[52]

The Hutterites are another example of a group of German Americans who continue a lifestyle
similar to that of their ancestors. Hutterites, much like the Amish, fled persecution for their
religious beliefs and came to the United States in 1870. Today Hutterites mostly reside in
Montana, the Dakotas, and Minnesota, as well as in the western provinces of Canada.
Hutterites continue to speak German. Most are able to speak Standard German in addition to
their dialect.[53]

German American influence

Dispersal of German Americans according to the 2000 censusGermans have contributed to a
vast number of areas in American culture and technology. Baron von Steuben, a former
Prussian officer, led the reorganization of the U.S. Army during the War for Independence and
helped make the victory against British troops possible. The Steinway & Sons piano
manufacturing firm was founded by immigrant Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg in 1853. German
settlers brought the Christmas tree custom to the United States. The Studebakers built large
numbers of wagons used during the Western migration; Studebaker, like the Duesenberg
brothers, later became an important early automobile manufacturer. Carl Schurz, a refugee
from the unsuccessful first German democratic revolution of 1848 (see also German
Confederation), served as U.S. Secretary of the Interior.

After World War II, Wernher von Braun, and most of the leading engineers from the former
German rocket base Peenemünde, were brought to the U.S. They contributed decisively to the
development of U.S. military rockets, as well as rockets for the NASA space program.

The influence of German cuisine is seen in the cuisine of the United States throughout the
country, especially regarding pastries, meats and sausages, and above all, beer. Frankfurters
(or "wieners", originating from Frankfurt and Vienna, respectively), hamburgers, bratwurst,
sauerkraut, and strudel are common dishes. German bakers introduced the pretzel. Germans
have almost totally dominated the beer industry since 1850. Almost half of all current beer
sales in the United States can be attributed to German immigrants Eberhard Anheuser and
Adolphus Busch, who founded Anheuser-Busch in St. Louis in 1860; the company remains in
the Busch family still today. The revival of microbreweries is partly due to instruction from
German beer masters. One of the areas in which the influence of German cuisine is strongest is
the small town Midwest. Among larger cities, Cincinnati is known for its German American
annual festival Zinzinnati,[54], and Milwaukee is known for German Fest. The two are among
the largest German American festivals in the country. Oktoberfest, German-American Day and
Von Steuben Day celebrations are held regularly throughout the country.

German American presidents

There have been two presidents whose fathers were of German descent: Dwight Eisenhower
(original family name Eisenhauer and maternal side is also German/Swiss) and Herbert Hoover
(original family name Huber).[55] Presidents with maternal German ancestry include Richard
Milhous Nixon (Nixon's maternal ancestors were Germans who anglicized Melhausen to
Milhous).[56]

German American communities

German Americans are common in the U.S. Light blue indicates counties where persons of
German ancestry form a plurality.Today, most German Americans have assimilated to the point
that they no longer have readily identifiable ethnic communities, though there are still many
metropolitan areas where German is the most reported ethnicity, such as Detroit, Chicago,
Kansas City, Cleveland, Indianapolis, Minneapolis-St. Paul, St. Louis, Cincinnati, Louisville;
Richmond, Virginia; and Milwaukee.

The following list shows historically German neighborhoods or areas in major cities. Often the
residents of German descent have been succeeded by those of other ethnic groups. The list
concentrates on urban areas and does not include the rural areas extending from western New
Jersey and Upstate New York to the Great Plains that were, or still are, heavily German.

Irvington, New Jersey
Hoboken, New Jersey
Over-the-Rhine, Cincinnati, Ohio
German Village, Columbus, Ohio
Yorkville, Manhattan
Woodhaven, Queens
Ridgewood, Queens
College Point, Queens
Glendale, Queens
Bushwick, Brooklyn
Gerritsen Beach, Brooklyn
Williamsburg, Brooklyn
Lindenhurst, New York
Rahway, New Jersey
East Allegheny, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Lincoln Square, Chicago
Kutztown, Pennsylvania
Bevo Mill Neighborhood, St. Louis, Missouri
Foggy Bottom, Washington, D.C.
Germantown, Philadelphia
Yorkville, Pottsville, Pennsylvania
Helen, Georgia
Hanover, Pennsylvania
Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Reading, Pennsylvania
Frankenmuth, Michigan
German Coast, Louisiana
Fredericksburg, Texas
Further information: Germans in Omaha

See also:
:
List of German Americans
Austrian American
Ethnic German
German in the United States
History of Germany
Immigration to the United States
German Texan
Pennsylvania Dutch
German Palatines
Paul Machemehl
German-American relations
German-Americans in the Civil War

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Carol K. Coburn, Life at Four Corners: Religion, Gender, and Education in a German-Lutheran
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^ a b US Census Factfinder.
^ US demographic census. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.; The 2000 census gives 15.2% or 42.8
million. The 1990 census had 23.3% or 57.9 million.
^ a b Adams, J.Q.; Pearlie Strother-Adams (2001). Dealing with Diversity. Chicago, IL:
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. 0-7872-8145-X.
^ German Immigrants in the United States
^ Chronology : The Germans in America (European Reading Room, Library of Congress)
^ [1] "Some states mandated English as the exclusive language of instruction in the public
schools, while Pennsylvania and Ohio in 1839 were first in allowing German as an official
alternative, even requiring it on parental demand."
^ Rating the Top Baseball Players of All Time. Retrieved on 2007-11-28.
^ [2] "German Heritage of Clark Gable."
^ [3] "…born in Cadiz, Ohio. Both Gable's mother (Adeline Hershelman) and father (William
H. Gable) had German ancestors (Frankenfield, Hershelman, and Haupt) who had settled in
Pennsylvania."
^ [4] "His parents are Joseph and Dolores Hasselhoff, and his family is of mainly German
ancestry."
^ http://www.nndb.com/people/246/000025171/] NNDB page of David Hasselhoff
^ [5] "German-American motion-picture actress whose aura of sophistication and languid
sensuality made her one of the most glamorous of all film stars."
^ [6] "German Heritage of Marlene Dietrich."
^ [7]"I think German guys are really hot … I am German."
^ [8] "German Heritage of Paris Hilton."
^ [9] "though as it happens, Doris Day, nee Doris Kappelhoff, is purebred German."
^ [10] "Doris Day (Doris Mary Ann von Kappelhoff, 1924- ; some bios claim she was born in
1922) - American film actress and TV personality born in the Cincinnati suburb of Evanston,
Ohio in her family's house, "attended by a good German midwife." Both her parents were
children of German immigrants. (Her maternal grandfather Welz came from Berlin.) Despite
being Catholics, Doris' parents separated over William von Kappelhoff's extramarital affair
when Doris was eleven, and later divorced. In the 1940s in California, the singer began to use
the stage name Doris Day."
^ [11] "He's half-German, half-Italian." [12] "His dad, George DiCaprio, half German and half
Italian, is an underground comic book artist… DiCaprio's mother, Irmelin Indenbirken
(sometimes spelled In Den Birken), was born in a German air raid shelter in the midst of a
World War II air raid. After the war, in the 1950s, she emigrated to the US with her parents as
a young child… DiCaprio's maternal grandparents, Wilhelm and Helene Indenbirken,
continued to live in the US for many years before returning to Germany to enjoy their
retirement." [13]
^ [14] "The German-born, New Jersey-raised Willis, 43, is one of Hollywood's biggest…"
^ [15] "The half-German, half-Alabaman Bullock was born in Washington, DC…
^ [16] "He was born Guenther Edward Schneider February 18, 1890 in New York City to fur
cutter Carl Schneider and Elizabeth Ohse formerly of Hanover, Germany. Five children made
for a crowded coldwater flat, but the thrifty German family somehow always had enough food on
the table."
^ [17] "…posters of this Swedish/German beauty will be plastered in locker rooms
everywhere…"
^ [18] Johannes Rammund De Balliel-Lawrora (Family emigrated from Posen, Prussia)
^ German Americans in Jamestown. Retrieved on 2006-10-10.
^ a b First German-Americans. Retrieved on 2006-10-05.
^ Loyalists (Royalists, Tories) in South Carolina
^ Wood (1942)
^ J. Hanno Deiler. Retrieved on 2007-11-30.
^ Carl Wittke, Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America (1952)
^ "Deutsch-Athen Revisited…"
^ German Settlers in Louisiana and New Orleans. Retrieved on 2007-11-30.
^ The German Cause in St. Louis
^ Faust, page 523. Quoting from an 1869 ethnicity study by B. A. Gould of the United States
Sanitary Commission.
^ Language loyalty in the German-American Church: the Case of an Over-confident Minority
by Harold Schiffman.
^ Hugo Münsterberg's obituary.
^ The War Department: Keeper of Our Nation's Enemy Aliens During World War I by Mitchel
Yockelson. Presented to the Society for Military History Annual Meeting, April 1998.
^ cover4.qxd
^ Cincinnati's Century of Change
^ A German-American Chronology, adapted from: The German Americans: An Ethnic
Experience by LaVern J. Rippley and Eberhard Reichmann.
^ German American Bund, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C.
^ Statement of Senator Russell D. Feingold
^ H.R. 3198 [109th: Wartime Treatment Study Act]
^ Honolulu Star-Bulletin Hawaii News
^ The Greis Story: Interned with Sons in the Military
^ a b Real People: The Human Cost of Wartime Civil Liberties Violations
^ German Internment Camps in World War II
^ The lost voices of Crystal City
^ German American Internees in the United States during WWII by Karen E. Ebel
^ US World War II Treatment of German Americans
^ Survey Shows Americans Continue to Have Positive View of Germany
^ Immigration… German: Shadows of War
^ US demographic census. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
^ The Amish. Retrieved on 2006-10-06.
^ Allard, William Albert (2006). Hutterite Sojourn. Washington DC: National Geographic
Society.
^ Oktoberfest-Zinzinnati. Retrieved on 2007-04-29.
^ The Hoover Family
^ [Stephen E. Ambose Nixon chapter 1 (1987)]

External links:

The Germany Society of Pennsylvania (oldest German Society in the U.S.)
German-American World Historical Society
Interactive German-History Map of Pittsburgh
The Pennsylvania German Society
The Conrad Weiser Homestead is a Pennsylvania state historic site located in Womelsdorf,
Berks County, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center
The Germantown Historical Society
The Goschenhoppen Historians
The Hans Herr House
Zinzinnati Reflections
Historic Schaefferstown, Pennsylvania
The Speaker's House - The Home of Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg
The first Germans
German-American links from University of Cincinnati
Early German American Religious History
Germans in Chicago
Chronology: Germans in America
Emigrant Letters to Germany (in German)
Milwaukee German-American Radio Program
Government Resources
Famous Americans of German, Austrian, or German-Swiss Ancestry
Germany-USA Career Center - Bilingual Employment Opportunities
Teutonia Männerchor in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Deutschtown (East Allegheny, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) Mural
German-American Heritage Foundation of the USA Inc. Washington,DC
The Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies.
American Languages: Our Nation's Many Voices: An online audio resource that presents
German-American dialects from across the United States.

See Marin Exiles / German-American History

German-American History - 3

Babe Ruth